The first robot explorers
Until the dawn of the Space Age, no one had seen the far side of the Moon – indeed, the averted hemisphere was popularly referred to as the “dark side”, even though it undergoes the same monthly cycle of day and night as the
Earth-facing side. Most astronomers had expected it would be broadly similar to
the near side, albeit more heavily cratered, but the reality turned out to be
somewhat different.
Luna 3, launched by the former
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The far side of the Moon, from Luna 3
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Soviet Union, gave us our first views of this unseen hemisphere when it looped
behind the Moon in October 1959. By chance, the release of Luna 3’s first images coincided with a live screening of The Sky at Night on BBC TV.
Patrick Moore recalled the moment: “The photographs came through exactly one minute before transmission was due to
begin, which did not give me much time to think out a suitable commentary.
Luckily the Mare Crisium was shown so clearly that I was able to recognize it
at once, which enabled me to get my bearings.”
Although crude by today’s standards, the pictures were good enough to demonstrate the almost total lack of dark lowland mare areas
on the far side. The reason for this asymmetry between the two sides of the
Moon is still not fully understood, but it seems that most of the dark lavas
that flowed out to produce the maria formed under the Earth-facing half.
The United States, spurred by President John F. Kennedy’s challenge laid down in May 1961 to land a man on the Moon and return him to Earth by the
end of the 1960s, was also attempting to send probes to the Moon to ascertain
what awaited the lunarnauts. The first fully successful US lunar probes were Ranger 7 in July 1964, followed by Ranger 8 and Ranger 9 in February and March 1965, each of which took a rapid series of close-up
photographs as they plunged towards the Moon, being destroyed on impact. The
Ranger photographs revealed that even what appeared from Earth to be the
smoothest parts of the surface were actually peppered with tiny impact craters
and boulders, potentially hazardous to a landing.
Photo sequence from Ranger 7 as it plunged towards the Moon in July 1964
